Oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfides, and charge control agents and toners using the same

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses an oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide which is a mixture of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 and the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is an integer other than 8, the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide being represented by the following formula (1): 
                         
wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m is an integer from 4 to 9, and n is 1 or 2; or an oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide of formula (1) wherein m is 8. The present invention also discloses a charge control agent which comprises the above sulfide(s) as the active ingredient; and a toner which comprises the charge control agent, a coloring agent and a binder resin. This charge control agent is particularly useful for color toners, and it speeds up charging risetime, and has a high charge amount and charging characteristics excellent in environmental stability. Further, the charge control agent is safe since it does not have any problem with the waste regulations.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of International Application No.PCT/JP2007/058104, filed Apr. 12, 2007, which claims the benefit ofJapanese Application No. 2006-110726, filed Apr. 13, 2006 and JapaneseApplication No. 2006-339814, filed Dec. 18, 2006, the contents of all ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to charge control agents used in an imageforming apparatus which visualizes electrostatic latent images inelectrophotography, the electrostatic recording and the like. It alsorelates to toners having a negative electric containing the chargecontrol agent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the image forming process according to electrophotography,electrostatic latent images are formed on the inorganic photoreceptorsuch as selenium, selenium alloy, cadmium sulfide and amorphous siliconor on the organic photoreceptor using a charge generator and a chargetransporting agent. Then, the images are developed by a toner,transferred to paper, plastic film or the like and fixed to obtainvisible images.

As for photoreceptors, depending on the composition thereof, there arephotoreceptors having a positive electric and those having a negativeelectric. In the case of forming printing parts as electrostatic latentimages by exposure, the images are developed by a toner of the oppositesign electrical charge. On the other hand, in the case of reverselydeveloping printing parts by removing the electricity thereof, theimages are developed by a toner of the same sign electrical charge. Atoner comprises a binder resin, a coloring agent and other additives,and a charge control agent is usually used therein in order to providedesired frictional charge characteristics such as charge speed, chargelevel, and charge stability, temporal stability, and environmentalstability. The charge control agent largely affects the characteristicsof a toner.

Further, in the case of color toners, a light-colored and preferablycolorless charge control agent is needed, which does not affect the hue.Examples of such light-colored or colorless charge control agentsinclude metal complex salt compounds of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives(see Patent Literatures 1 to 3), metal salt compounds of aromaticdicarboxylic acid (see Patent Literature 4), metal complex saltcompounds of anthranilic acid derivatives (see Patent Literatures 5 and6), organic boron compounds (see Patent Literatures 7 and 8), biphenolcompounds (see Patent Literature 9), calyx(n)arene compounds (see PatentLiteratures 10 to 15), and cyclic phenol sulfides (see Patent Literature16) for a toner having a negative electric; and quaternary ammonium saltcompounds (see Patent Literatures 17 to 19) for a toner having apositive electric.

Patent Literature 1: JP-B 55-042752

Patent Literature 2: JP-A 61-069073

Patent Literature 3: JP-A 61-221756

Patent Literature 4: JP-A 57-111541

Patent Literature 5: JP-A 61-141453

Patent Literature 6: JP-A 62-094856

Patent Literature 7: U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,688

Patent Literature 8: JP-A 1-306861

Patent Literature 9: JP-A 61-003149

Patent Literature 10: JP-B 9-568675

Patent Literature 11: JP-B 9-899038

Patent Literature 12: JP-B 3359657

Patent Literature 13: JP-B 3313871

Patent Literature 14: JP-B 3325730

Patent Literature 15: JP-A 2003-162100

Patent Literature 16: JP-A 2003-295522

Patent Literature 17: JP-A 57-119364

Patent Literature 18: JP-A 58-009154

Patent Literature 19: JP-A 58-098742

Patent Literature 20: JP-A 10-081680

Patent Literature 21: WO98/09959

However, many of these charge control agents are complexes or saltswhich comprise metals such as chromium and zinc, and not always safesince they have a problem with the waste regulations. In addition, suchcharge control agents are disadvantageous in that they can not becompletely colorless; they are late in charging risetime; they have aproblem with the environmental stability of the charge amount in hot andhumid conditions; the charge amount thereof is low; oppositely-chargedtoners are numerously generated; or they are poor in dispersibility orstability of the compound. Thus, there has been no compound havingsatisfactory performance as a charge control agent.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide novel oxidized mixedcyclic phenol sulfides and specific oxidized cyclic phenol sulfides.

The further object of the present invention is to provide charge controlagents particularly useful for color toners, which speed up chargingrisetime, have a high charge amount and excellent chargingcharacteristics, and are safe since they do not have any problem withthe waste regulations.

The additional object of the present invention is to provide chargecontrol agents excellent in environmental stability.

The further additional object of the present invention is to providetoners having a negative electric which comprise said charge controlagent having high charging performance.

The present invention has been completed based on the following findingswhich were obtained by the thorough research to solve the aboveproblems.

Namely, the present invention provides the followings.

1. An oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide which is a mixture ofoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 and oxidized cyclic phenolsulfide wherein m is an integer other than 8, the oxidized cyclic phenolsulfide being represented by the following formula (1):

wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbonatoms; m is an integer from 4 to 9; and n is 1 or 2.2. An oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide of the above formula (1) wherein mis 8 and n is 2.3. The above oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide or the specificoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1000 ppm orless.4. A charge control agent which comprises the above oxidized mixedcyclic phenol sulfide or the specific oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide asthe active ingredient.5. A toner which comprises the above oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide or the specific oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide, a coloring agentand a binder resin.

The oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of the present invention is thecompound excellent in both environmental stability and the chargecontrol effect. A quick charging risetime and a high charge amount canbe obtained by using the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of thepresent invention for a toner, and, as a result, clear images can beobtained.

The charge control agent of the present invention is excellent in thecharge control characteristics, the environment resistance anddurability. When using it for a toner, it do not induce fogging and itis possible to obtain images with clear image density, high dotreproducibility and high fine line reproducibility.

In a toner containing the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of thepresent invention, since the charging characteristics do not vary muchin hot and humid conditions or in low and damp conditions, the stabledevelopment characteristics can be maintained.

The charge control agent which is the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide of the present invention has a quicker charging risetime, ahigher charge amount and charging characteristics more excellent inenvironmental stability than those of the conventional charge controlagents. Further, it is useful for color toners because it is completelycolorless, and it does not contain metals such as chromium and zincwhich are concern for the environmental problem. Besides, it isexcellent in dispersibility and stability of the compound.

In addition, when the sodium content in the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide or the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide is 1000 ppm or less, atoner comprising the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodiumcontent in the product is 1000 ppm or less as an active ingredientinstantly has an appropriate charge (small time constant) as comparedwith a conventionally used toner comprising the oxidized cyclic phenolsulfide wherein the sodium content in the product is beyond 1000 ppm asan active ingredient, and thus, said toner has superiority inenvironmental stability, especially the superiority in that charge doesnot lower in hot and humid conditions.

As causes by which the sodium content in products increases, it isthought that, for example, inorganic salts mainly containing sodium getmixed in products in the production process; or a phenol group in theoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide is converted into the sodium salt. It isassumed that the sodium content measured in the present inventionincludes all of the above causes. The sodium content can be measured bythe usual measurement method, namely, by fluorescent X-ray analysis,atomic absorption analysis, ICP emission spectrometry, ICP-MSmeasurement, analysis with ion chromatography, or the like. In terms ofease of use, fluorescent X-ray analysis is preferable among them. Theinventors found a strong correlation between the sodium content of theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide and stable charging performance,and the present invention has been completed based on this finding.

Namely, a charge control agent is defined as a substance which givesstable static charge to a toner. However, when there is more than acertain amount of unreacted organic salts or inorganic salts which aregenerated as reactant by-products in the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide, the effect of the salts cannot be ignored in humidityenvironment, and image stability is lacked not only in high humidityenvironment but also in normal humidity environment when running thetoner for a long period.

It is possible to determine the salts in the charge control agent bymeasuring the electrical conductivity thereof when dispersing it inwater. However, since some organic salts are hardly soluble in water,precise contents thereof cannot sometimes be calculated.

In the present invention, it has become possible to provide a chargecontrol agent which expresses excellent charging performance and a tonerin which said charge control agent is used by directly measuring sodiumcontained in the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide and controllingthe sodium content within a certain range.

The oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of the present inventionwherein the sodium content is 1000 ppm or less is the compound excellentin both environmental stability and the charge control effect. A quickcharging risetime and a high charge amount can be obtained by using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of the present invention whereinthe sodium content is 1000 ppm or less for a toner, and, as a result,clear images can be obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an LC/MS (TIC) chart of the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide obtained by Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows a MS chart of TC4A-SO2 obtained by Example 1.

FIG. 3 shows a MS chart of TC6A-SO2 obtained by Example 1.

FIG. 4 shows a MS chart of TC8A-SO2 obtained by Example 1.

FIG. 5 shows an LC/MS (TIC) chart of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide(cyclic octamer) obtained by Example 11.

FIG. 6 shows a TIC chart of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide ofComparative Example 1.

FIG. 7 shows a TIC chart of the cyclic phenol sulfide of ComparativeExample 2.

FIG. 8 shows a MS chart of the cyclic phenol sulfide of ComparativeExample 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the mixture of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfides of the formula(1), when the total amount of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfides is 100mol %, it is preferable that the content of the oxidized cyclic phenolsulfide wherein m is 8 is 1 mol % or more, more preferably 1.5 mol % ormore and particularly preferably 2 mol % or more. Further, it ispreferable that the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfidewherein m is 8 is 1.5 mol % to 35 mol %, and the content of the oxidizedcyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 4 is 65 mol % to 98.5 mol %. It ismore preferable that the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfidewherein m is 8 is 2 mol % to 15 mol %; the content of the oxidizedcyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 4 is 65 mol % to 98 mol %; and therest is a hexamer. In such cases, though the mixture may consist of theoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 and the oxidized cyclicphenol sulfide wherein m is 4, the mixture may further comprise one ormore kind(s) of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 5, theoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 6, the oxidized cyclicphenol sulfide wherein m is 7 and the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfidewherein m is 9. It is particularly preferable that the content of theoxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 is 2 mol % to 15 mol %;the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 6 is 10mol % to 30 mol %; and the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfidewherein m is 4 is 65 mol % to 80 mol %;

Further, in the formula (1), n of each molecules may be the same ordifferent from each other, and it is preferable that each moleculesatisfies 1.5 m≦N≦2 m when defining a total of n as N. Furtherpreferable range of N is 1.7 m≦N≦2 m.

In the present invention, it is preferable to use the oxidized cyclicphenol sulfide wherein m is 6, 7, 8 or 9 by itself, and it isparticularly preferable to use the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfidewherein m is 8 by itself. More specifically, “by itself” means that,when the total amount of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfides is 100 mol%, the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 is90 mol % or more, preferably 95 mol % or more and particularlypreferably substantially 100 mol %.

In the above oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide and the oxidizedcyclic phenol sulfide, n in the formula (1) is preferably 2.

Examples of straight or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atomsrepresented by R in the formula (1) include a methyl group, ethyl group,n-propyl group, 2-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group,2-methylpropyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, 1-methylbutylgroup, 1-ethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropylgroup, n-hexyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group,3-methylpentyl group, 4-methylpentyl group, 1-ethylbutyl group,2-ethylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethylbutyl group,1,3-dimethylbutyl group, 1,4-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutylgroup, 2,3-dimethylbutyl group, 3,3-dimethylbutyl group,1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl group, and 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group.

The oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide used in the present inventioncan be produced by the publicly known method (refer to PatentLiteratures 20 and 21, for example).

Though thus obtain compound is simply filtered or only washed withwater, inorganic salts or organic salts mainly containing sodium remaintherein, and it is difficult to obtain the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide wherein the sodium content is 1000 ppm or less. Further, whenthus obtained oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodiumcontent is beyond 1000 ppm is contained in a toner, it deterioratescharge and environmental stability, and thus, high chargingcharacteristics and the excellent environmental stability cannot beobtained.

As for the method of lowering the sodium content of the oxidized mixedcyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is beyond 1000 ppm to1000 ppm or less, it is effective to repeatedly conduct both theoperation to sufficiently remove a reaction solvent such as water byfiltration by giving great pressure with a filter press or the like orby filtration by giving great centrifugal force such as centrifugalfiltration; and the operation to wash with sufficient water.

Besides, it is further effective to combine the above operations and themethod of redispersing said oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide in anaqueous solution of a mineral acid such as a hydrochloric acid.

As for the charge control agent of the present invention, it ispreferable to adjust the volume average particle diameter to 0.1 to 20μm for use, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. When the volume averageparticle diameter is smaller than 0.1 μm, the charge control agentappearing on the toner surface becomes little and the desired chargecontrol effect can not be obtained. When the volume average particlediameter is bigger than 20 μm, the charge control agent dropping fromthe toner increases and the adverse effects such as contamination in themachine occur.

Examples of the method of making the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide which is a charge control agent used in the present inventioncontained in a toner include the method comprising the steps of addingit to a binder resin together with a coloring agent and the like,kneading, and crushing them (crushed toner); and the method comprisingthe steps of adding the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide topolymerizable monomers and polymerizing them to obtain the toner(polymerized toner). Thus, there are the method of adding the mixedcyclic phenol sulfide to the inside of the toner particles in advance(the internal addition) and the method of adding it to the surface ofthe toner particles which have been produced in advance (the externaladdition). In the case of internally adding the oxidized mixed cyclicphenol sulfide of the present invention to the toner particles, thepreferable additive amount thereof is 0.1 to 10 parts by weight to 100parts by weight of a binder resin, and more preferably 0.2 to 5 parts byweight. In the case of externally adding the oxidized mixed cyclicphenol sulfide of the present invention to the toner particles, thepreferable additive amount thereof is 0.01 to 5 parts by weight to 100parts by weight of a binder resin, and more preferably 0.01 to 2 partsby weight. Further, it is mechanochemically preferable to fix theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide to the surface of the tonerparticles.

The charge control agent which comprises the oxidized mixed cyclicphenol sulfide of the present invention as the active ingredient can becombined with the other known charge control agent(s) having a negativeelectric. Examples of the preferable combined charge control agentsinclude azo iron complexes or complex salts, azo chromium complexes orcomplex salts, azo manganese complexes or complex salts, azo cobaltcomplexes or complex salts, azo zirconium complexes or complex salts,chromium complexes or complex salts of carboxylic acid derivatives, zinccomplexes or complex salts of carboxylic acid derivatives, aluminumcomplexes or complex salts of carboxylic acid derivatives, and zirconiumcomplexes or complex salts of carboxylic acid derivatives. As for thecarboxylic acid derivatives, aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids arepreferable, and more preferably 3,5-di-tert-butyl salicylic acid. Inaddition, the examples include boron complexes or complex salts, andnegative resin charge control agents.

In the case of combining the charge control agent of the presentinvention with the other charge control agent(s), the preferableadditive amount of the charge control agent(s) other than the chargecontrol agent which is the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of thepresent invention is 0.1 to 10 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight ofa binder resin.

As for the kind of the binder resins used in the present invention, anypublicly known one can be used as the binder resin. Examples thereofinclude vinyl polymers such as styrene monomers, acrylate monomers andmethacrylate monomers or the copolymers comprising two or more kinds ofthese monomers, polyester polymers, polyol resins, phenol resins,silicone resins, polyurethane resins, polyamide resins, furan resins,epoxy resins, xylene resins, terpene resins, coumarone-indene resins,polycarbonate resins and petroleum resins.

Examples of the styrene monomers, acrylate monomers and methacrylatemonomers which form the vinyl polymers or the copolymers include thefollowings but not limited to them.

Examples of the styrene monomers are styrenes or derivatives thereofsuch as styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene,p-phenylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, p-n-amylstyrene,p-tert-butylstyrene, p-n-hexylstyrene, p-n-octylstyrene,p-n-nonylstyrene, p-n-decylstyrene, p-n-dodecylstyrene,p-methoxystyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 3,4-dichlorostyrene, m-nitrostyrene,o-nitrostyrene and p-nitrostyrene.

Examples of the acrylate monomers are acrylic acids or esters thereofsuch as acrylic acids, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate,n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-dodecylacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, 2-chloroethylacrylate and phenyl acrylate.

Examples of the methacrylate monomers are methacrylic acids or estersthereof such as methacrylic acids, methyl methacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutylmethacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-dodecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate,dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate.

Examples of other monomers which form the vinyl polymers or thecopolymers include following (1) to (18): (1) monoolefins such asethylene, propylene, butylene and isobutylene; (2) polyenes such asbutadiene and isoprene; (3) vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride,vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride; (4) vinyl esterssuch as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl benzoate; (5) vinylethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether and vinyl isobutylether; (6) vinyl ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone, hexyl vinyl ketoneand methyl isopropenyl ketone; (7) N-vinyl compounds such asN-vinylpyrrole, N-vinylcarbazole, N-vinylindole and N-vinylpyrrolidone;(8) vinylnaphthalenes; (9) acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivativessuch as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and acrylamide; (10)unsaturated dibasic acids such as a maleic acid, citraconic acid,itaconic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, fumaric acid and mesaconic acid;(11) unsaturated dibasic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride,citraconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride and alkenyl succinic anhydride;(12) monoesters of unsaturated dibasic acids such as maleic acid,monomethylester, maleic acid monoethylester, maleic acid monobutylester,citraconic acid monomethylester, citraconic acid monoethylester,citraconic acid monobutylester, itaconic a acid monomethylester, alkenylsuccinic acid monomethylester, furamic acid monomethylester andmesaconic acid monomethylester; (13) unsaturated dibasic acid esterssuch as dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate; (14) α,β-unsaturatedacids such as a crotonic acid and cinnamic acid; (15) α,β-unsaturatedacid anhydrides such as crotonic anhydride and cinnamic anhydride; (16)monomers having a carboxyl group(s) such as anhydrides of theα,β-unsaturated acid and lower fatty acids, an alkenyl malonic acid,alkenyl glutaric acid, alkenyl adipic acid, and acid anhydrides andmonoesters thereof; (17) hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acids ormethacrylic acids such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate; and (18) monomers havinga hydroxyl group such as 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)styrene and4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylhexyl)styrene.

In the toner of the present invention, vinyl polymers or copolymers ofthe binder resin may have the cross-linked structure wherein they arecross-linked by a cross-linker having 2 or more vinyl groups. Examplesof the cross-linkers used in such a case include aromatic divinylcompounds such as divinylbenzene and divinylnaphthalene. Examples ofdiacrylate compounds connected by an alkyl chain include ethylene glycoldiacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate,1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycoldiacrylate, or those wherein the acrylate of the above compounds isreplaced by methacrylate.

Examples of the diacrylate compounds connected by an alkyl chainincluding ether bond include diethyleneglycol diacrylate, triethyleneglycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol#400 diacrylate, polyethylene glycol #600 diacrylate, dipropylene glycoldiacrylate, or those wherein the acrylate of the above compounds isreplaced by methacrylate.

In addition to the above examples, examples also include diacrylatecompounds and dimethacrylate compounds connected by a chain including anaromatic group and ether bond. Examples of polyester diacrylates includetrade name: MANDA (by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.).

Examples of polyfunctional cross-linkers include pentaerythritoltriacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, tetramethylolmethane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylate,those wherein the acrylate of the above compounds is replaced bymethacrylate, triallyl cyanurate and triallyl trimellitate.

These cross-linkers can be preferably used in an amount of 0.01 to 10parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of other monomer components, andparticularly preferably used in an amount of 0.03 to 5 parts by weight.Among these cross-linked monomers, examples of the preferably usedmonomers in a resin for toners in terms of fixity and anti-offsetproperty include aromatic divinyl compounds (particularly preferablydivinyl benzene) and diacrylate compounds connected by a binding chainwhich comprises an aromatic group and one ether bond. Among them, it ispreferable to select combination of monomers so as to become a styrenecopolymer or a styrene-acrylate copolymer.

Examples of polymerization initiators used for producing the vinylpolymer or the copolymer of the present invention include2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile,2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile),2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile),2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), dimethyl-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate,1,1′-azobis(1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile),2-(carbamoylazo)-isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane),2-phenylazo-2′,4′-dimethyl-4′-methoxyvaleronitrile,2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropane), ketone peroxides such as methyl ethylketone peroxide, acetyl acetone peroxide and cyclohexanone peroxide,2,2-bis(tert-butyl peroxy)butane, tert-butyl hydroperoxide,cumenehydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl hydroperoxide,di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl cumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide,α-(tert-butylperoxy)isopropyl benzene, isobutyl peroxide, octanoylperoxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoylperoxide, benzoyl peroxide, m-tolyl peroxide, diisopropylperoxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, di-n-propylperoxydicarbonate, di-2-ethoxyethyl peroxycarbonate, diethoxy isopropylperoxydicarbonate, bis(3-methyl-3-methoxybutyl)peroxycarbonate, acetylcyclohexyl sulfonyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxyacetate, tert-butylperoxyisobutyrate, tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexylate, tert-butylperoxylaurate, tert-butyloxy benzoate, tert-butylperoxy isopropylcarbonate, di-tert-butyl peroxyisophthalate, tert-butylperoxy allylcarbonate, isoamyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, di-tert-butylperoxyhexahydroterephthalate and tert-butyl peroxyazelate.

When the binder resin is a styrene-acrylate resin, in the molecularweight distribution of tetrahydrofuran (hereinafter referred to as THF)soluble parts of the resin component with the gel permeationchromatography (hereinafter referred to as GPC), a resin having at leastone peak in the molecular weight area of 3,000 to 50,000 (number-averagemolecular weight) and having at least one peak in the molecular weightarea of 100,000 or more is preferable in terms of fixity, offsetproperty and preservative quality. As for THF soluble parts, the binderresin is preferable wherein the component having the molecular weightarea of 100,000 or less is 50 to 90%. Further, a resin having the mainpeak in the molecular weight area of 5,000 to 30,000 is more preferable,and a resin having the main peak in the molecular weight area of 5,000to 20,000 is most preferable.

When the binder resin is a vinyl polymer such as a styrene-acrylateresin, the acid number thereof is preferably 0.1 mgKOH/g to 100 mgKOH/g,more preferably 0.1 mgKOH/g to 70 mgKOH/g, and further more preferably0.1 mgKOH/g to 50 mgKOH/g.

Examples of monomers which comprise polyester polymers include, asbivalent alcohols, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol,1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol,2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, bisphenol. A hydride and diols obtained bypolymerization of bisphenol A and cyclic ethers such as ethylene oxideand propylene oxide.

It is preferable to combine trivalent or more alcohols in order tocross-link polyester resins. Examples of the trivalent or more alcoholsinclude sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitan, pentaerythritol,dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, 1,2,4-butanetriol,1,2,5-pentatriol, glycerol, 2-methylpropane triol,2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane and1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene.

Examples of the acid components which constitute the polyester polymersinclude benzene dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof such as aphthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid; alkyldicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof such as a succinic acid, adipicacid, sebacic acid and azelaic acid; unsaturated dibasic acids such as amaleic acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, alkenyl succinic acid,fumaric acid and mesaconic acid; and unsaturated dibasic acid anhydridessuch as maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride andalkenyl succinic anhydride. Examples of the polyvalent (trivalent ormore) carboxylic acid components include a trimellitic acid,pyromellitic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid,1,2,4-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-butane tricarboxylic acid,1,2,5-hexane tricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxy-2-methyl-2-methylenecarboxypropane, tetra(methylene carboxy)methane, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, empol trimeric acids, anhydrides thereof, andpartially lower alkyl esters.

When the binder resin is a polyester resin, in the molecular weightdistribution of THF soluble parts of the resin component, a resin havingat least one peak in the molecular weight area of 3,000 to 50,000 ispreferable in terms of fixity anti-offset property and preservativequality. As for THF soluble parts, the binder resin is preferablewherein the component having the molecular weight area of 100,000 orless is 60 to 100%. Further, a resin having at least one peak in themolecular weight area of 5,000 to 20,000 is more preferable.

When the binder resin is a polyester resin, the acid number thereof ispreferably 0.1 mgKOH/g to 100 mgKOH/g, more preferably 0.1 mgKOH/g to 70mgKOH/g, and further more preferably 0.1 mgKOH/g to 50 mgKOH/g.

In the present invention, the molecular weight distribution of thebinder resin is determined by GPC using THF as a solvent.

As the binder resin which can be used in the toner of the presentinvention, it is possible to use, in the vinyl polymer component and/orthe polyester resin component, a resin containing a monomer which canreact with both resin components. Among the monomers which constitutethe polyester resin component, examples of those which can react withthe vinyl polymers include unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or anhydridesthereof such as a phthalic acid, maleic acid, citraconic acid anditaconic acid. Examples of the monomers which constitute the vinylpolymer component include those comprising a carboxyl group or ahydroxyl group, acrylic acids or esters of methacrylic acids.

When combining the polyester polymers, vinyl polymers and other binderresins, it is preferable to contain 60 weight % or more of the resinwherein the acid number of the total binder resin is 0.1 to 50 mgKOH/g.

In the present invention, the acid number of the binder resin componentof a toner composition is determined by the following method. The basicoperation is based on JIS K-0070.

(1) A sample is used after removing additives other than the binderresin a polymer component), or the acid number and the content of eachcomponents other than the binder resin and the cross-linked binder resinare determined in advance. 0.5 to 2.0 g of the crushed sample wasprecisely weighed. The weight of the polymer component is defined as Wg.For example, when the acid number of the binder resin is determined froma toner, the acid number and the content of each of a coloring agent, amagnetic material or the like are separately determined. Then, the acidnumber of the binder resin is calculated.(2) The sample is poured in a 300 mL beaker. Then, 150 mL of a mixedsolution of toluene/ethanol (volume ratio=4/1) is added thereto anddissolved.(3) The mixed solution is tiltrated using 0.1 mol/L of a KOH ethanolsolution with a potentiometric tiltrator.(4) The usage of the KOH solution in (3) is defined as S(mL). At thesame time, the blank is determined and the usage of the KOH solution atthat time is defined as B (mL). Then, the acid number is calculatedusing the following formula (1). Meanwhile, f is a factor of the KOHconcentration.Acid number (mgKOH/g)=[(S−B)×f×5.61]/W  (1)

As for the binder resin of a toner and compositions containing thebinder resin, the glass transition temperature (Tg) thereof ispreferably 35 to 80° C. and particularly preferably 40 to 75° C., interms of the preservative quality of a toner. When Tg is lower than 35°C., a toner easily deteriorates in high temperature atmosphere andoffset easily occurs upon fixing. When Tg is higher than 80° C., fixitytends to lower.

Examples of the magnetic materials which can be used in the presentinvention are followings: (1) magnetic iron oxides such as magnetite,maghemite and ferrite, and iron oxides containing other metallic oxides;(2) metals such as iron, cobalt and nickel, or alloyed metals of saidmetals and the metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium,tin, zinc, antimony, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, manganese,selenium, titanium, tungsten and vanadium; and (3) mixtures thereof.

Specific examples of the magnetic materials are Fe₃O₄, γ-Fe₂O₃, ZnFe₂O₄,Y₃Fe₅O₁₂, CdFe₂O₄, Gd₃Fe₅O₁₂, CuFe₂O₄, PbFe₁₂O, NiFe₂O₄, NdFe₂O,BaFe₁₂O₁₉, MgFe₂O₄, MnFe₂O₄, LaFeO₃, iron powder, cobalt powder andnickel powder. The above mentioned magnetic materials are used by itselfor by combination of two kinds or more of them. A particularlypreferable magnetic material is fine powders of ferrosoferric oxide orγ-iron sesquioxide.

In addition, magnetic iron oxides such as magnetite, maghemite, ferrite,etc containing dissimilar elements or the mixtures thereof are alsousable. Examples of the dissimilar elements include lithium, beryllium,boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, germanium, zirconium,tin, sulfur, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese,cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and gallium. The preferable dissimilarelements are selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminum,silicon, phosphorus and zirconium. The dissimilar elements may beincorporated in the crystal lattice of iron oxides or in the iron oxidesthemselves as oxides, or they may exist on the surface of iron oxides asoxides or hydroxides. It is preferable that the dissimilar elements arecontained as oxides.

The above dissimilar elements can be incorporated in the particles bythe steps comprising of mixing salts of each dissimilar elements uponproducing a magnetic material, and then adjusting pH thereof. Further,the dissimilar elements can be precipitated on the surface of theparticles by the steps comprising of adjusting pH thereof after theproduction of the magnetic particles, or adding salts of each dissimilarelements and adjusting pH thereof.

The usage of the magnetic materials is 10 to 200 parts by weight andpreferably 20 to 150 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of thebinder resin. The number average particle diameter of these magneticmaterials is preferably 0.1 to 2 μm and more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 μm.The number average particle diameter can be determined by taking amagnified photograph of the particles with a transmission electronmicroscope and then measuring it with a digitizer or the like.

As for the magnetic characteristics of the magnetic materials, it ispreferable that, when 10K Oersted is applied, the magneticcharacteristics are coercivity of 20 to 150 Oersted, saturatedmagnetization of 50 to 200 emu/g, and remanent magnetization of 2 to 20emu/g.

The magnetic materials can also be used as coloring agents. Examples ofthe coloring agents usable in the present invention include, in the caseof a black toner, black or blue dye compounds or pigments. Examples ofthe black or blue pigments include carbon black, aniline black,acetylene black, phthalocyanine blue and indanthrene blue. Examples ofthe black or blue dye compounds include azo dye compounds, anthraquinonedye compounds, xanthene dye compounds and methine dye compounds.

When using coloring agents for color toners, examples of the coloringagents are the followings. Examples of magenta coloring agents includecondensed azo compounds, diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, anthraquinonecompounds, quinacridone compounds, basic dye compounds, lake dyecompounds, naphthol dye compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigocompounds and perylene compounds. More specifically, examples of thepigmentary magenta coloring agents include C.I. pigment red 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30,31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60,63, 64, 68, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 163, 184, 202,206, 207, 209; C.I. pigment violet 19; C.I. vat red 1, 2, 10, 13, 15,23, 29, 35; methyl violet lake, eosin lake, rhodamine lake B, alizarinelake and brilliant carmine lake 3B.

Though it is acceptable to use the above pigment by itself, it ispreferable in terms of the image quality of full-color images to combinethe dye compound and the pigment so as to improve the color definition.

Examples of dye magenta coloring agents include oil soluble dyecompounds such as C.I. solvent red 1, 3, 8, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 49, 81,82, 83, 84, 100, 109, 121; C.I. disperse red 9; C.I. solvent violet 8,13, 14, 21, 27; C.I. disperse violet 1; and basic dye compounds such asC.I. basic red 1, 2, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 32,34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40; and C.I. basic violet 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15,21, 25, 26, 27, 28.

It is possible to use, as cyan coloring agents, copper phthalocyaninecompounds and derivatives thereof, anthraquinone, and basic dye lakecompounds. More specifically, examples of pigmentary cyan coloringagents include C.I. pigment blue 2, 3, 15, 16, 17; C.I. vat blue 6; C.I.acid blue 45; and copper phthalocyanine pigments wherein 1 to 5phthalimidemethyl group(s) is substituted to a phthalocyanine skeleton.It is possible to use the agent by blending a green coloring agent suchas C.I. pigment green 7, 12, 37 and 38.

Representative examples of phthalocyanine dye compounds include C.I.solvent blue 25, 55, 70; C.I. direct blue 25, 86; alkali blue lake; andvictoriablue lake.

Examples of yellow coloring agents include condensed azo compounds,isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, azo metal complexes,methine compounds and allylamide compounds. More specifically, examplesof yellow pigments include C.I. pigment yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 73, 83, 97, 180, 185; C.I. vatyellow 1, 3, 20; C.I. solvent yellow 162; quinoline yellow; andtartrazine lake.

The usage of the above coloring agents is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts byweight to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

The toner of the present invention may be mixed with a carrier to beused as a two component developer. As for the carriers used in thepresent invention, it is possible to use both usual carriers such asferrite and magnetite and resin coated carriers.

The resin coated carrier comprises carrier core particles and a coatingmaterial which is a resin coating the surface of the carrier coreparticles. Preferable examples of the resins used as the coatingmaterial include styrene-acrylate resin such as styrene-acrylic acidester copolymers and styrene-methacrylic acid ester copolymers; acrylateresins such as acrylic acid ester copolymers and methacrylic acid estercopolymers; fluorine-containing resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene,monochlorotrifluoroethylene polymers and polyvinylidene-fluoride;silicone resins; polyester resins; polyamide resins; polyvinyl butyral;and aminoacrylate resins. In addition to them, examples include resinswhich can be used as a coating material of the carrier such as iomonomerresins and polyphenylene sulfide resins. These resins are used by itselfor by combination of two or more kinds of them.

Besides, a binder carrier core wherein magnetic powders are dispersed ina resin is also usable. As for the method of coating the surface of acarrier core with at least a resin coating agent in a resin coatedcarrier, it is possible to apply the method comprising the steps ofdissolving or dispersing a resin in a solvent, and making the solventadhere on the carrier core to be coated; or the method of simply mixinga resin in a powdery condition. The ratio of the resin coating materialto the resin coated carrier can be arbitrarily determined, and it ispreferably 0.01 to 5 weight % to the resin coated carrier and morepreferably 0.1 to 1 weight %.

The usage examples of a coating agent comprising a mixture of two ormore kinds of compounds for coating a magnetic material include: (1) acoating agent treated with 12 parts by weight of a mixture ofdimethyldichlorosilane and dimethyl silicon oil (mass ratio=1:5) to 100parts by weight of fine powders of a titanium oxide; and (2) a coatingagent treated with 20 parts by weight of a mixture ofdimethyldichlorosilane and dimethyl silicon oil (mass ratio=1:5) to 100parts by weight of fine powders of silica.

Among the above resins, a styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, amixture of a fluorine-containing resin and a styrene copolymer, or asilicone resin is preferably used. Particularly, a silicone resin ispreferable.

Examples of the mixture of a fluorine-containing resin and a styrenecopolymer include a mixture of polyvinylidene-fluoride and astyrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, a mixture ofpolytetrafluoroethylene and a styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, anda mixture of a vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer(copolymer mass ratio=10:90-90:10), a styrene-acrylic acid-2-ethylhexylcopolymer (copolymer mass ratio=10:90-90:10) and a styrene-acrylicacid-2-ethylhexyl-methyl methacrylate copolymer (copolymer massratio=20-60:5-30:10:50).

Examples of the silicone resin include modified silicone resins whichare produced by the reaction of a silicone resin with anitrogen-containing silicone resin(s) and a nitrogen-containing silanecoupling agent(s).

As for magnetic materials of a carrier core, it is possible to useoxides such as ferrite, iron excess ferrite, magnetite and γ-iron oxide;metals such as iron, cobalt and nickel; or alloyed metals of saidmetals. Examples of elements contained in these magnetic materialsinclude iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, tin,zinc, antimony, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, manganese, selenium,titanium, tungsten and vanadium. The preferable ones arecopper-zinc-iron ferrite comprising copper, zinc and iron as maincomponents, and manganese-magnesium-iron ferrite comprising manganese,magnesium and iron as main components.

The resistance value of a carrier is preferably adjusted to 10⁶ to 10¹⁰Ω/cm by adjusting concavity and convexity of the surface of the carrierand the amount of the resin to be coated. As for the particle diameterof the carrier, though the particle diameter of 4 to 200 μm can be used,10 to 150 μm is preferable and 20 to 100 μm is more preferable.Particularly, a resin coated carrier preferably has 50% particlediameter of 20 to 70 μm.

In a two component developer, it is preferable to use the toner of thepresent invention in an amount of 1 to 200 parts by weight to 100 partsby weight of the carrier. It is more preferable to use the toner in anamount of 2 to 50 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of the carrier.

The toner of the present invention may further contain a wax. Examplesof the wax used in the present invention include the followings:aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as low-molecular-weight polyethylene,low-molecular-weight polypropylene, polyolefin wax, microcrystallinewax, paraffin wax and Sasol wax; oxides of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxessuch as oxidized polyethylene wax; block copolymers thereof; botanicalwaxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax and jojoba wax;animal waxes such as bees wax, lanolin and whale wax; mineral waxes suchas ozokerite, ceresin and petrolatum; waxes comprising fatty acid estersas a main component, such as wax of montanic acid esters and castor wax;and partially or wholly deoxidized fatty acid esters such as deoxidizedcarnauba wax.

Further examples of the wax include saturated straight fatty acids suchas a palmitic acid, stearic acid, montanic acid and straight alkylcarboxylic acids further comprising a straight alkyl group; unsaturatedfatty acids such as a brassidic acid, eleostearic acid and parinaricacid; saturated alcohols such as stearyl alcohol, eicosyl alcohol,behenyl alcohol, carnaubil alcohol, ceryl alcohol, mesilyl alcohol andlong-chain alkyl alcohol; polyalcohols such as sorbitol; fatty acidamides such as linoleic acid amide, olefinic acid amide and lauric acidamide; saturated fatty acid bisamides such as methylene bis-capric acidamide, ethylene bis-lauric acid amide and hexamethylene bis-stearic acidamide; unsaturated fatty acid amides such as ethylene bisoleic acidamide, hexamethylene bisoleic acid amide, N,N′-dioleyl adipic acid amideand N,N′-dioleyl sebacic acid amide; aromatic bisamides such as m-xylenebis-stearic acid amide and N,N′-distearyl isophthalic acid amide;metallic salts of fatty acids such as calcium stearate, calcium laurate,zinc stearate and magnesium stearate; waxes wherein an aliphatichydrocarbon wax is grafted by using a vinyl monomer such as styrene andan acrylic acid; partially esterified compounds of polyalcohol and afatty acid such as behenic acid monoglyceride; and methylester compoundshaving a hydroxyl group which are obtained by hydrogenating a vegetableoil.

Examples of the preferably used wax include polyolefin obtained byradical-polymerizing olefin under high pressure; polyolefin obtained bypurifying a low-molecular-weight by-product obtained in thepolymerization of high-molecular-weight polyolefin; polyolefinpolymerized under low pressure by using a catalyst such as Zieglercatalyst and metallocene catalyst; polyolefin polymerized by usingradiation, electromagnetic wave or light; low-molecular-weightpolyolefin obtained by thermally decomposing high-molecular-weightpolyolefin; paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and Fischer-Tropsch wax;synthetic hydrocarbon waxes synthesized by Synthol process, Hydrocolprocess, Arge process, or the like; synthetic waxes having a compound ofone carbon atom as a monomer; hydrocarbon waxes having a functionalgroup such as a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group; a mixture of ahydrocarbon wax and a hydrocarbon wax having a functional group; andwaxes wherein the above waxes are grafted by a vinyl monomer such asstyrene, ester maleate, acrylate, methacrylate and maleic anhydride.

Further, it is preferable to use waxes of which molecular weightdistribution is sharpened by treating them with Press sweating process(method), solvents, recrystallization method, vacuum distillationmethod, supercritical gas extraction method or solution crystallizationmethod; or waxes from which low-molecular-weight solid fatty acids,low-molecular-weight solid alcohols, low-molecular-weight solidcompounds or other impurities are removed.

The wax used in the present invention preferably has the melting pointof 70 to 140° C. and more preferably 70 to 120° C. in order to balancefixity and anti-offset property. When the melting point is lower than70° C., the blocking resistance decreases. When the melting point ishigher than 140° C., the anti-offset effect is less likely to occur.

Further, combination of two or more different kinds of waxes can developboth the plasticizing action and the mold-releasing action at the sametime, each of which is the action of waxes.

Examples of waxes having the plasticizing action are waxes having a lowmelting point, those having a branched molecular structure, and thosehaving a polar group in the structure. Examples of waxes having themold-releasing action are waxes having a high melting point, thosehaving a straight molecular structure, and those having nonpolarmolecules which do not have any functional group. As usage examples,there are the combination of two or more kinds of waxes between whichthe difference of the melting points is 10 to 100° C.; and thecombination of polyolefin and grafted polyolefin.

When selecting two kinds of waxes, in the case of the waxes having thesimilar structure, the wax which relatively has lower melting pointexerts the plasticizing action, and the wax which relatively has highermeting point exerts the mold-releasing action. At that time, when thedifference of each melting points is 10 to 100° C., the functionalseparation is effectively exerted. When the difference is less than 10°C., the effect of the functional separation is less likely to occur, andwhen it is more than 100° C., the accentuation of each functions by theinteraction is less likely to occur. In such a case, when at least oneof the waxes preferably has the melting point of 70 to 120° C. and morepreferably 70 to 100° C., the waxes tend to easily exert the effect ofthe functional separation.

Besides, the wax which relatively has a branched molecular structure,has a polar group such as a functional group or is modified by acomponent different from the main component exerts the plasticizingaction. The wax which relatively has a straight molecular structure, hasnonpolar molecules which do not have any functional group or isunmodified and straight exerts the mold-releasing action. Examples ofthe preferable combination thereof include a combination of polyethylenehomopolymer or copolymer having ethylene as the main component andpolyolefin homopolymer or copolymer having olefin other than ethylene asthe main component; a combination of polyolefin and grafted polyolefin;a combination of a hydrocarbon wax and an alcohol wax, a fatty acid waxor an ester wax; a combination of Fischer-Tropsch wax or a polyolefinwax and a paraffin wax or a microcrystalline wax; a combination ofFischer-Tropsch wax and a polyolefin wax; a combination of a paraffinwax and a microcrystalline wax; and a combination of a hydrocarbon waxand a carnauba wax, a candelilla wax, a rice bran wax or a montan wax.

In each case, in the endothermic peak observed in the DSC measurement ofthe toner, it is preferable that the peak-top temperature of the maximumpeak is within 70 to 110° C. It is more preferable that the maximum peakis within 70 to 110° C. This makes it easier to balance the preservativequality and the fixity of the toner.

In the toner of the present invention, it is effective to use thesewaxes in a total content of preferably 0.2 to 20 parts by weight andmore preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of thebinder resin.

In the present invention, the melting point of a wax is defined as thepeak-top temperature of the maximum peak in the endothermic peak of thewax observed in DSC.

In the present invention, it is preferable to conduct the DSCmeasurement of the wax or the toner with a high-precision intraheaterpower-compensation type differential scanning calorimeter. Themeasurement method is based on ASTM D3418-82. The DSC curve used in thepresent invention is the curve measured when a sample is heated attemperature velocity of 10° C./min. after heating and cooling the sampleonce and taking a record in advance.

A flow improver may be added to the toner of the present invention. Aflow improver improves flowability of the toner (makes it easier toflow) by being added to the surface of the toner. Examples thereofinclude fluorine resin powders such as carbon black, fine powders ofvinylidene fluoride and fine powders of polytetrafluoroethylene; finepowders of silica such as wet processed silica and dry processed silica;fine powders of unoxidized titanium; fine powders of alumina; andtreated silica, treated titanium oxide and treated alumina wherein eachof the above fine powders is surface-treated with a silane couplingagent, titanium coupling agent or silicone oil. Among them, fine powdersof silica, fine powders of unoxidized titanium and fine powders ofalumina are preferable, and the treated silica wherein each of said finepowders is surface-treated with a silane coupling agent or silicone oilis further more preferable. The particle diameter of the flow improveris preferably 0.001 to 2 μm as the average primary particle diameter andparticularly preferably 0.002 to 0.2 μm.

The preferable fine powders of silica are fine powders produced byoxidizing the gas phase of silicon halides, and referred to as dryprocessed silica or fumed silica.

Examples of the marketed silica fine powders produced by oxidizing thegas phase of silicon halides include the following trade names:AEROSIL-130, 300, -380, -TT600, -MOX170, -MOX80 and -COK84 (all byNippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.); Ca-O-SiL-M-5, -MS-7, -MS-75, -HS-5 and -EH-5(all by CABOT K.K.); Wacker HDK-N20 V15, -N20E, -T30 and -T40 (all byWacker-Chemie GmbH); D-C FineSilica (by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.);and Franso 1 (by Fransil K.K.).

In addition, treated silica fine powders wherein the silica fine powdersproduced by oxidizing the gas phase of silicon halides are hydrophobizedis more preferable. Among the treated silica fine powders, those each ofwhich is treated so that the hydrophobizing degree thereof measured inmethanol titration test preferably indicates 30 to 80% are particularlypreferable. Hydrophobizing is given by chemically or physically treatingsilica fine powders with an organic silicon compound(s) which reactswith silica fine powders or physically adsorbs to them. The preferablemethod is that comprising the step of treating silica fine powdersproduced by oxidizing the gas phase of silicon halides with an organicsilicon compound(s).

Examples of the organic silicon compound include hydroxypropyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, n-hexadecyltrimethoxysilane,n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, vinylmethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane,vinyltriacetoxysilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane, divinylchlorosilane,γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilane,trimethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane,methyltrichlorosilane, allyldimethylchlorosilane,allylphenyldichlorosilane, benzyldimethylchlorosilane,bromomethyldimethylchlorosilane, α-chloroethyltrichlorosilane,β-chloroethyltrichlorosilane, chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane,triorganosilyl mercaptan, trimethylsilyl mercaptan, triorganosilylacrylate, vinyldimethylacetoxysilane, dimethylethoxysilane,trimethylethoxysilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane,isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane,diphenyldiethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane,1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane anddimethylpolysiloxane which has 2 to 12 siloxane units per one moleculeand contains 0 to 1 hydroxyl group attached to Si in each unit locatedon ends. Further, examples include silicone oils such asdimethylsilicone oil. Each of the above compounds is used by itself orby a mixture of two or more kinds of them.

The number average particle diameter of the flow improver is preferably5 to 100 nm and more preferably 5 to 50 nm. The specific surface areathereof by the nitrogen adsorption measured by BET method is preferably30 m²/g or more and more preferably 60 to 400 m²/g. The specific surfacearea of the surface-treated fine powders is preferably 20 m²/g or moreand particularly preferably 40 to 300 m²/g. The preferable appliedamount of these fine powders is 0.03 to 8 parts by weight to 100 partsby weight of toner particles.

To the toner of the present invention, it is possible to add otheradditives such as various metallic soaps, fluorine surfactants anddioctyl phthalate; conductivity giving agents such as tin oxide, zincoxide, carbon black and antimony oxide; or inorganic fine powders oftitanium oxide, aluminum oxide and alumina, if necessary, in order toprotect a photoreceptor and a carrier, improve cleaning property,control heat property, electric property, and physical property, controlresistance, control softening point and improve the fixation ratio.These inorganic fine powders may be hydrophobized, if necessary.Further, it is possible to use, as an image development improver, asmall amount of lubricants such as polytetrafluoroethylene, zincstearate and polyvinylidene-fluoride; abrasives such as cesium oxide,silicon carbide and strontium titanate; anticaking agents; or whitemicroparticles and black microparticles each of which have the oppositepolarity of the toner particles.

It is also preferable to treat the above additives with siliconevarnish, various modified silicone varnishes, silicone oil, variousmodified silicone oils, silane coupling agents, silane coupling agentshaving a functional group(s), treatment agents such as other organicsilicon compounds or various other treatment agents, in order to controlthe charge amount.

The charge control agent of the present invention can be sufficientlymixed by stirring with the above additive(s) and the toner by a mixersuch as Henschel mixer a ball mill, Nauta mixer, a V-type mixer, aW-type mixer and a supermixer; and said mixture be uniformly externallyadded to the surface of the toner particles to obtain the subject tonerfor static electric charge development.

Since the toner of the present invention is thermally stable and notchanged by heat in the process of electrophotography, it is possible tomaintain stable charging characteristics. In addition, since the toneruniformly disperses in any binder resin, the charging distribution of afresh toner is fairly uniform. Accordingly, as for the toner of thepresent invention, changes are hardly seen in both the saturatedfrictional charge amount and the charging distribution of theuntransferable toner and the collected toner (a discarded toner) thereofas compared with those of the fresh toner. However, when reusing thediscarded toner collected from the toner for static electric chargeimage development of the present invention, the gap between the freshtoner and the discarded toner can be further reduced by selecting apolyester resin containing aliphatic diol as the binder resin, or byproducing the toner in accordance with the method comprising the stepsof selecting a metal-bridged styrene-acrylic acid copolymer as thebinder resin and adding large quantities of polyolefin thereto.

As for the method of producing the toner of the present invention, thetoner can be produced by the known production method. For example, thepreferable production method is the method (crushing method) comprisingthe steps of sufficiently mixing the above mentioned toner constituentmaterials such as a binder resin, a charge control agent and a coloringagent by a mixer such as a ball mill; then, sufficiently kneading themixture by a heat kneading machine such as a heat roll kneader;solidifying by cooling, crushing and classifying the mixture to obtain atoner.

The toner can also be produced by dissolving the above mixture in asolvent, atomizing, drying and classifying it. Further, the toner canalso be produced by the polymerization method, which comprises the stepsof mixing specific materials to a monomer constituting the binder resinto prepare an emulsion or a suspension, and polymerizing the solution.As for a microcapsule toner comprising a core material and a shellmaterial, such toner can be produced by the method comprising the stepof making specific materials contain in a core material or a shellmaterial, or both of them. Further, if necessary, the toner of thepresent invention can be produced by sufficiently mixing a neededadditive(s) and toner particles by a mixer such as Henschel mixer.

The method of producing the toner of the present invention by the abovecrushing method is further illustrated as follows. First, a binderresin, a coloring agent, a charge control agent and other necessaryadditives are uniformly mixed. They can be mixed with a known mixer suchas Henschel mixer, a supermixer and a ball mill. The obtained mixture isheat-molten and kneaded with a hermetically sealed kneader or a singleor double screw extruder. After cooling down the kneaded mixture, it iscoarsely crushed with a crusher or a hammer mill, and then finely milledwith a pulverizer such as a jet mill and a high-speed rotor whirlingmill. Then, the obtained powders are classified to a specific particlesize with a wind force classifier such as Elbow-jet of an inertialclassification system utilizing the Coanda effect, Microplex of acyclone (centrifugal classification system or a DS separator. Whenfurther adding an external additive(s) to the surface of the toner, thetoner and the external additive(s) are stirred and mixed with ahigh-speed mixer such as Henschel mixer and a supermixer.

The toner of the present invention can also be produced by thesuspension polymerization method or the emulsion polymerization method.The suspension polymerization method comprises the following steps. Apolymerizable monomer a coloring agent, a polymerization initiator, acharge control agent and, if necessary, a cross-linker and otheradditives are uniformly dissolved or dispersed to prepare a monomercomposition. The monomer composition is dispersed in the continuousphase containing a dispersion stabilizer and said composition such asthe aqueous phase with a suitable mixer or disperser such as ahomomixer, a homogenizer, an atomizer, a microfluidizer, a one-fluidnozzle, a gas-liquid fluid nozzle and an electric emulsifying machine.Preferably, the stirring speed, temperature and time are controlled sothat droplets of the polymerizable monomer composition have the desiredtoner particle size, and granulation is conducted. At the same time, thepolymerization reaction is conducted at 40 to 90° C. to be able toobtain toner particles having the desired particle diameter. Theobtained toner particles are washed, filtered out and dried. As for theexternal addition after producing the toner particles, the abovementioned method can be used.

When producing the toner by the emulsion polymerization method, thoughthe toner particles thereof are more uniform than those obtained by thesuspension polymerization method, the average particle diameter thereofis 0.1 to 1.0 μm and extremely small. Therefore, in some cases, a tonercan be produced by the seed polymerization in which an emulsifiedparticle becomes a core and a polymerizable monomer is added theretoafterward to grow the particle, or by the method comprising the steps ofunifying and fusing emulsified particles to a suitable average particlediameter.

According to the production of the toner by these polymerizationmethods, since there is no crushing process, there is no need to givebrittleness to toner particles. Thus, it is possible to use largeamounts of substances having a low softening point, of which use wasdifficult in prior crushing methods, and that makes it possible to widenchoices of materials. Further, since a mold-releasing agent or acoloring agent each of which is a hydrophobizing material is not easilyexposed on the surface of the toner particles, it is possible todecrease contamination in a toner support member, a photoreceptor, atransferring roller, a fixing machine or the like.

The production of the toner of the present invention by thepolymerization method can further improve properties such as imagereproducibility, transferability and color reproducibility. Further, atoner having a sharp particle size distribution can be comparativelyeasily obtained by minimizing the particle diameter of the toner inorder to apply to tiny dots.

As for the polymerizable monomer used in producing the toner of thepresent invention by the polymerization method, a vinyl polymerizablemonomer of which radical polymerization is possible is used. As thevinyl polymerizable monomer, a monofunctional polymerizable monomer or apolyfunctional polymerizable monomer can be used.

Examples of the monofunctional polymerizable monomer include styrenepolymerizable monomers such as styrene, α-methylstyrene,β-methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene,2,4-dimethylstyrene, p-n-butylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene,p-n-hexylstyrene and p-phenylstyrene; acrylate polymerizable monomerssuch as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropylacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate,n-amyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-octylacrylate, benzyl acrylate, dimethylphosphate methyl acrylate,dibutylphosphate ethyl acrylate and 2-benzoyloxy ethyl acrylate;methacrylate polymerizable monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, n-amylmethacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, n-octylmethacrylate, diethylphosphate methacrylate and dibutylphosphate ethylmethacrylate; unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid esters; vinylesters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl benzoate; vinylethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl isobutyl ether; and vinylketones such as methyl vinyl ketone, hexyl vinyl ketone and isopropylvinyl ketone.

Examples of the water-soluble initiator which is used when producing thetoner of the present invention by the polymerization method includeammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyroamidine) hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(2-aminodipropane)hydrochloride, azobis(isobutylamidine) hydrochloride,2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile sodium sulfonate, ferrous sulfate andhydrogen peroxide.

The additive amount of a polymerization initiator is preferably 0.5 to20 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer.The polymerization initiator may be used by itself or by combinationthereof. Examples of the dispersant used in the production of apolymerized toner include inorganic oxides such as tricalcium phosphate,magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc phosphate, calciumcarbonate, magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calciummetasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica andalumina. As for organic compounds, for example, polyvinyl alcohol,gelatin, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, ethyl cellulose,sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, starch, or the like is used.These dispersants are preferably used in an amount of 0.2 to 2.0 partsby weight to 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer.

Though the marketed dispersants may be used as they are, in order toobtain fine disperse particles having a uniform particle size, the aboveinorganic compounds can also be produced by high-speed stirring in adisperse medium.

As for the toner obtained by the polymerization method, the concavityand convexity of the toner particles tend to be smaller than those ofthe toner obtained by the crushing method in which special treatment isnot conducted. Since such toner particles are amorphous, the contactarea between an electrostatic latent image support member and the tonerincreases, and it makes the toner adhesion stronger. As a result, thecontamination in the machine is decreased and it becomes easier toobtain higher image density and higher quality images.

As for the toner produced by the crushing method, the concavity andconvexity of the toner surface can be decreased by the methods such asthe hot-water bath method which comprises the steps of dispersing tonerparticles in water and heating the solution; heat treatment methodcomprising the step of making toner particles pass through thermalcurrent; and the mechanical impact method comprising the step oftreating the particles by giving the mechanical energy. Examples of theeffective equipments for decreasing the concavity and convexity includea Mechanofusion system (by Hosokawa Micron Corp.) applying the drymechanochemical treatment; an I-type jet mill; a hybridizer (by NaraMachinery Co., Ltd.) which is a mixing equipment with a rotor and aliner; and Henschel mixer which is a mixer having high-speed blades.

As one of the values which show the degree of the concavity andconvexity of the toner particles, an average circularity degree can beused. The average circularity degree (C) indicates the value which iscalculated as follows. First, a circularity degree (Ci) is calculated bythe following formula (2). Then, the sum of the circularity degrees ofall measured particles is divided by the number of all measuredparticles (m) as mentioned in the following formula (3).

$\begin{matrix}{{{Circularity}\mspace{14mu}{degree}\mspace{11mu}({Ci})} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{Boundary}\mspace{14mu}{length}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{circle}} \\{{having}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{same}\mspace{14mu}{projected}} \\{{area}\mspace{14mu}{as}\mspace{14mu}{that}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu}{particle}}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{Boundary}\mspace{14mu}{length}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{projected}} \\{{image}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu}{particle}}\end{matrix}}} & (2) \\{{{Average}\mspace{14mu}{circularity}\mspace{14mu}{degree}\mspace{14mu} C} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\;{{Ci}/m}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

The above circularity degree (Ci) is measured using a flow particleimage analyzer such as FPIA-1000 by TOA Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. Asfor the measurement method, first, about 5 mg of a toner is dispersed in10 mL of water in which about 0.1 mg of a nonionic surfactant isdissolved to prepare a dispersion solution. Ultrasonic wave (20 kHz, 50W) is irradiated to the dispersion solution for 5 minutes, and thesolution is prepared to become the concentration of 5000 to 20000/μL.Then, the distribution of the circularity degree of a particle havingthe diameter which is equivalent to the circle of 0.60 μm or more andless than 159.21 μm is measured with the flow particle image analyzer.

The value of the average circularity degree is preferably 0.955 to0.990. It is further preferable to prepare toner particles so that thevalue becomes 0.960 to 0.985 since events which cause the increase inthe left toner after transferring decrease and another transferringtends not to easily occur.

In the case of the toner of the present invention, in terms of clearimages and productivity of the toner, the particle diameter of the toneris preferably 2 to 15 μm in the average particle diameter on volumetricbasis in the measurement with a laser particle size distributionanalyzer such as a micron sizer by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd, forexample. 3 to 12 μm thereof is more preferable. When the averageparticle diameter is beyond 15 μm, the resolution or sharpness of imagestends to weaken. When the average particle diameter is less than 2 μm,though the resolution becomes better, it costs more because of thedecrease in the yield rate upon production of a toner. Further a tonerspatters in the machine, or health disorders such as skin penetrationtend to occur.

As for the particle size distribution of a toner, in the case of thetoner of the present invention, it is preferable that the content ofparticles of 2 μm or smaller accounts for 10 to 90% on number basis ofthe toner, which is measured by a Coulter counter (TA-II, by CoulterK.K.), for example. Besides, it is preferable that the content ofparticles of 12.7 μm or larger accounts for 0 to 30% on volumetric basisof the toner.

In the case of the toner for static electric charge development of thepresent invention, it is preferable that the specific surface area ofthe toner is 1.2 to 5.0 m²/g according to the BET specific surface areameasurement wherein nitrogen is used as deadsorption gas. It is morepreferable that the specific surface area is 1.5 to 3.0 m²/g. Themeasurement of the specific surface area comprises the steps, forexample, of desorbing adsorption gas on the surface of the toner at 50°C. for 30 minutes with a BET specific surface area measurement device(such as FlowSorbII2300 by Shimadzu Corporation); adsorbing nitrogen gasagain by rapidly cooling down the toner with liquid nitrogen; and thenheating it again up to 50° C. The specific surface area is defined asthe value calculated from the amount of desorbed gas at that time.

In the case of the toner of the present invention, the apparent ratio(the powder density) thereof is measured with a powder tester (byHosokawa Micron Corp., for instance), for example. The ratio of anon-magnetic toner is preferably 0.2 to 0.6 g/cm³. The ratio of amagnetic toner is preferably 0.2 to 2.0 g/cm³, though it depends on akind of magnetic powders or the content thereof.

In the case of the toner of the present invention, the absolute specificgravity of a non-magnetic toner is preferably 0.9 to 1.2 g/cm³. Theabsolute specific gravity of a magnetic toner is preferably 0.9 to 4.0g/cm³, though it depends on a kind of magnetic powders or the contentthereof. The absolute specific gravity of the toner is calculated asfollows. 1.000 g of the toner is precisely weighed, poured in a 10 mm φtableting machine and compressed at a pressure of 200 kgf/cm² undervacuum to make tablets. The height of this columnar tablet is measuredwith a micrometer, and the absolute specific gravity is calculatedtherefrom.

The flowability of a toner is defined, for example, by a flowing reposeangle and a still repose angle measured by a device for measuring theangle of repose (for example, by Tsutsui Scientific Instruments Co.,Ltd.). In the case of the toner for static electric charge developmentwherein the charge control agent of the present invention is used, aflowing repose angle is preferably 5 to 45° and a still repose angle ispreferably 10 to 50°.

As for the toner of the present invention, the average value of shapefactor (SF-1) of the crushed toner is preferably 100 to 400; and theaverage value of shape factor 2 (SF-2) thereof is preferably 100 to 350.

In the present invention, SF-1 and SF-2 each of which indicates shapefactor of the toner were calculated as follows, for example. Tonerparticles magnified 1000 diameters were taken as a sample so that around30 particles appear in one visual field by using a light microscope witha CCD camera (such as BH-2 by Olympus Corporation). The obtained imagewas transferred to an image analyzer (such as LUZEX FS by NirecoCorporation). The same procedure was repeated until the number of tonerparticles reaches about 1000 and the shape factor was calculated. Shapefactor (SF-1) and shape factor 2 (SF-2) are calculated by the followingformulae.SF-1=((ML²×π)/4A)×100

wherein, ML is the maximum length of particles; A is a projected area ofone particle,SF-2=(PM²/4Aπ)×100

wherein, PM is the peripheral length of particles; A is a projected areaof one particle.

SF-1 indicates deformation of a particle. SF-1 becomes closer to 100when a particle becomes closer to a sphere, and the slenderer a particleis, the larger SF-1 is. SF-2 indicates concavity and convexity of aparticle. SF-2 becomes closer to 100 when a particle becomes closer to asphere, and the more complicated the shape of a particle is, the largerSF-2 is.

The volume resistivity of the toner of the present invention ispreferably 1×10¹² to 1×10¹⁶ Ω·cm in the case of a non-magnetic toner.The volume resistivity of a magnetic toner is preferably 1×10⁸ to 1×10¹⁶Ω·cm, though it depends on a kind of magnetic powders or the contentthereof. Here, the volume resistivity of the toner is defined asfollows. Toner particles are compressed to prepare a disk-shaped testpiece of 50 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. This piece is set toelectrodes for solid materials (such as SE-70 by Ando Electric Co.,Ltd.), and direct voltage 100V is continuously applied to the piece.Then, the value thereof one hour later is measured with a highinsulation resistance meter (for example, 4339A by Hewlett-PackardCompany) and defined as the volume resistivity.

The dielectric tangent of the toner of the present invention ispreferably 1.0×10⁻³ to 15.0×10⁻³ in the case of a non-magnetic toner.The dielectric tangent of a magnetic toner is preferably 2×10⁻³ to30×10⁻³, though it depends on a kind of magnetic powders or the contentthereof. Here, the dielectric tangent of the toner is defined asfollows. Toner particles are compressed to prepare a disk-shaped testpiece of 50 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. This piece is set toelectrodes for solid materials and measured in measurement frequency of1 KHz and peak-to-peak voltage 0.1 KV with a LCR meter (for example,4284A by Hewlett-Packard Company). Thus obtained value is defined as thedielectric tangent value (Tan δ).

The Izod impact level of the toner of the present invention ispreferably 0.1 to 30 kg·cm/cm. Here, the Izod impact level of the toneris measured by the method comprising the steps of fusing toner particlesby heat to prepare a plate-like test piece; and measuring the pieces inaccordance with JIS K-7110 (Izod impact test of rigid plastic).

The melt index (MI) of the toner of the present invention is preferably10 to 150 g/10 min. Here, MI of the toner is measured in accordance withJIS K-7210 (A method), and at that time, the measurement temperature is125° C. and weight is 10 kg.

The melting start temperature of the toner of the present invention ispreferably 80 to 180° C., and 4 mm descent temperature is preferably 90to 220° C. Here, the melting start temperature of the toner is measuredby the following method. Toner particles are compressed to prepare acolumn-shaped test piece of 10 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick. Thispiece is set to a thermofusion property measurement device such as aflowtester (for example, CFT-500C by Shimadzu Corporation) and measuredin load of 20 kgf/cm². Under such condition, the temperature at whichthe fusion starts and a piston starts to descend is defined as themelting start temperature. Further, in the same measurement, thetemperature at which the piston descends 4 mm is defined as 4 mm descenttemperature.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the toner of the presentinvention is preferably 35 to 80° C., and more preferably 40 to 75° C.Here, the glass transition temperature of the toner is measured with adifferential scanning calorimetry (hereinafter referred to as DSC) bythe method comprising the steps of heating the toner at a constanttemperature, rapidly cooling it down, and heating it again. Tg isdefined as the value determined from the peak of phase-change whichoccurs at that time. When Tg of the toner is lower than 35° C.,anti-offset property or preservative quality thereof tends todeteriorate. When Tg is higher than 80° C., the fixity level of imagestends to deteriorate.

In the endothermic peak observed in the DSC measurement of the toner ofthe present invention, it is preferable that the peak-top temperature ofthe maximum peak is within 70 to 120° C.

The melt viscosity of the toner of the present invention is preferably1000 to 50000 poise and more preferably 1500 to 38000 poise. Here, themelt viscosity of the toner is measured as follows. Toner particles arecompressed to prepare a column-shaped test piece of 10 mm in diameterand 20 mm thick. These pieces are set to a thermofusion propertymeasurement device such as a flowtester (for example, CFT-500C byShimadzu Corporation) and measured in load of 20 kgf/cm². Thus measuredvalue is defined as the melt viscosity.

The dissolving residue of a solvent of the toner of the presentinvention is preferably 0 to 30 weight % as THF insoluble matter, 0 to40 weight % as ethyl acetate insoluble matter, and 0 to 30 weight % aschloroform insoluble matter. Here, the dissolving residue of a solventis calculated as follows. 1 g of toner is uniformly dissolved ordispersed in of each 100 mL solvent of THF, ethyl acetate andchloroform. The solution or dispersion solution is press filtered and afiltrate is dried and quantitated. The ratio of an insoluble substanceto an organic solvent in the toner is calculated from the quantitatedvalue and defined as the dissolving residue of a solvent.

The toner of the present invention can be used in the one-componentdevelopment process, which is one of the image forming processes. Theone-component development process is the process comprising the steps ofproviding a latent image support member with the thinned toner, anddeveloping the latent images. The toner is usually thinned with a devicewherein a toner carrying material, a toner layer thickness controllingmaterial and a toner supply auxiliary material are equipped; and thetoner supply auxiliary material and the toner carrying material, and thetoner layer thickness controlling material and the toner carryingmaterial abut each other.

The case in which the toner of the present invention is used in thetwo-component development process is further illustrated as follows. Thetwo-component development process is the process wherein a toner and acarrier (those having roles as a charge provider and a toner carryingmaterial) are used. The above magnetic materials or glass beads are usedas a carrier. Developers (toner and a carrier) generate a specificcharge amount by being stirred by a stirring material, and they arecarried to a developing part by a magnet roller or the like. On themagnet roller, the developers are kept on the surface of the roller bymagnetic force, and they form a magnetic brush whose layer is controlledto a suitable height by a developer control plate or the like. Thedevelopers move on the development roller as the roller rotates, andcontact with an electrostatic latent image support member or faceagainst it in a specific distance and in the noncontact condition todevelop and visualize latent images. When developing images in thenoncontact condition, a toner can usually obtain the driving force offlying the space of a specific distance by generating a direct electricfield between developers and a latent image support member. However, inorder to develop clearer images, it is possible to apply the method ofsuperimposing alternating current.

Further, the charge control agent of the present invention is suitablefor a charge control agent (a charge enhancer) in coating compounds forcoating electrostatic powders. Namely, coating compounds for coatingelectrostatic powders using said charge enhancer are excellent inenvironment resistance and preservation stability and particularlythermal stability and durability. Besides, the coating efficiencythereof reaches 100% and, therefore, it is possible to form thick filmwithout coating defect.

Example 1

Next, Examples will further illustrate the present invention. They onlyexplain the present invention and do not particularly limit theinvention.

The sodium content was measured by fluorescent X-ray analysis. Themeasurement was conducted as follows. The oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide obtained by each Example/Comparative Example was solidified bybeing pressed to formulate it into a disk shape of 40 to 50 mm indiameter and 3 mm thick. Then, the compound was measured with afluorescent X-ray spectrometer (PW2400 produced by Philips).

130.3 g of 4-tert-butylphenol, 110.9 g of sulfur and 28.3 g of potassiumhydroxide were poured in a 1 L four-neck flask with a mixer, a coolingtube, a thermometer and a gas-introducing tube. 40 mL, of tetraethyleneglycol dimethyl ether was added thereto and stirred in the current ofnitrogen gas while keeping it at 130° C. The reaction was conducted for2 hours with removing water and hydrogen sulfide each of which wasgenerated in the reaction. After heating it up to 180° C., the reactionwas further conducted for 4 hours with removing water and hydrogensulfide each of which was generated in the reaction. The reactionmixture was cooled down to room temperature, and 1500 mL of diethylether was added thereto and hydrolyzed with 1 mol/L of a dilutedsulfuric acid. The organic layer was isolated, concentrated and dried toobtain 124.8 g of the reaction mixture.

12.8 g of sulfur, 11.2 g of calcium oxide, 22 mL of ethylene glycol and86 mL of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether were added to 103.2 g ofthe reaction mixture and stirred in the current of nitrogen gas whilekeeping the suspension at 130° C. The reaction was conducted for 2 hourswith removing water and hydrogen sulfide each of which was generated inthe reaction. The reaction was further conducted for 2 hours afterheating it up to 170° C., and then for 3.5 hours after heating it up to230° C., with removing water and hydrogen sulfide each of which wasgenerated in the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled down to roomtemperature, and 500 mL of toluene and diethyl ether were added theretoand hydrolyzed with 1 mol/L of a diluted sulfuric acid. The organiclayer was isolated, concentrated and dried, and then the obtainedmixture was purified with a column chromatography (carrier: silica gel 5Kg; eluent: hexane/chloroform) to obtain 46.8 g of a mixed cyclic phenolsulfide of the present invention.

9.0 g of the obtained mixed cyclic phenol sulfide was dissolved in 150mL of chloroform. A solution wherein 114 g of 30% hydrogen peroxidewater was preliminarily dissolved in 500 mL of an acetic acid was addeddropwise at room temperature for 30 minutes, and stirred at roomtemperature for 48 hours. 300 mL of water was added to the obtainedreaction solution, and a product was repeatedly extracted with 100 mL ofchloroform three times. The chloroform layer was washed with 100 mL ofwater, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and chloroform wasremoved to obtain white powder. The powder was sufficiently washed withmethanol to obtain 3.5 g of the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide ofthe present invention.

The structure of the obtained white powder was analyzed by LC/MSmeasurement. The measurement condition of LC/MS is as follows: (1) HPLCmeasurement condition: device: 2695 by Nihon Waters K.K.; column:Capcell Pak C18ACR by Shiseido Co., Ltd. (5μ, inside diameter 4.6,column length 250 mm); column temperature: 40° C.; mobile phase:tetrahydrofuran (hereinafter referred to asTHF)/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid=350/350/300/2 (v/v/v/v);current speed: 1.0 mL/min.; filling amount: 1 μL; and concentration of asample: 2000 ppm; (2) MS measurement condition: device: Quatromicro APImass spectrometer by Micromass K.K.; ionization method: ESI (positivemode); capillary voltage: 2.80 KV; flow rate of desolvating gas: 500L/hour; temperature of desolvating gas: 350° C.; temperature of ionsource: 120° C.; and cone voltage: 40 to 60V.

The obtained white powder indicated total ion chromatogram (TIC) asindicated in FIG. 1. As a result of the structural analysis, it wasconfirmed that the obtained white powder at least comprises TC4A-SO2(the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein, in the formula (1),R=tert-butyl group, m=4, and n=2); TC6A-SO2 (the oxidized cyclic phenolsulfide wherein, in the formula (1), R tert-butyl group, m=6, and n=2);and TC8A-SO2 (the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein, in the formula(1), R=tert-butyl group, m=8, and n=2). TC4A-SO2 indicated MS spectrumas indicated in FIG. 2. TC4A-SO2 having molecular weight 848 attributesto m/z=849 (M+H), 866 (M+NH4), 921 (M+H+THF). TC6A-SO2 indicated MSspectrum as indicated in FIG. 3. TC6A-SO2 having molecular weight 1272attributes to m/z=1273 (M+H), 1290 (M+NH4), 1345 (M+H+THF). TC8A-SO2indicated MS spectrum as indicated in FIG. 4. TC8A-SO2 having molecularweight 1696 attributes to m/z=1697 (M+H), 1714 (M+NH4), 1769 (M+H+THF).

The oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of the present inventionobtained by the above method was clarified as the following mixture.

Peak area ratio mol % m = 4 n = 2: 58.0% 69.6 mol % m = 6 n = 2: 25.7%20.6 mol % m = 8 n = 2: 16.3% 9.8 mol %

Comparative Example 1

As a comparative compound 1, a compound disclosed in JP-A 2003-295522(Compound B, corresponding to the compound wherein, in the formula (1),R is a tert-butyl group, m=4 and n=2) was synthesized. The synthesis wasconducted in accordance with the method described in JP-A 2003-295522.Namely, 113 g of 4-tert-butylphenol, 36 g of sulfur, 7.5 g of sodiumhydroxide and 19 g of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether were poured ina 1 L four-neck flask with a mixer, a cooling tube, a thermometer and agas-introducing tube, and gradually heated up to 230° C. in 4 hours withstirring the mixture under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the mixture wasfurther stirred for 2 hours. During the reaction, water and hydrogensulfide each of which was generated in the reaction were removed. Thereaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and dissolved indiethyl ether added thereto. Then, the mixture was hydrolyzed with anaqueous solution of 0.5 mol/L of a sulfuric acid. The isolated diethylether layer was washed with water and dried with magnesium sulfate. Thereaction mixture obtained after removing diethyl ether was furtherseparated with a silica gel column chromatography (hexane/chloroform) toobtain a crude product. Then, the product was purified byrecrystallization from chloroform/acetone to obtain 51 g of a compounddisclosed in JP-A 2003-295522 (Compound A) as transparent colorlesscrystals.

10 g of the compound disclosed in JP-A 2003-295522 (Compound A) wasdissolved in 300 mL of chloroform. 500 mL of an acetic acid and 20 g ofsodium perborate were added thereto and stirred at 50° C. for 18 hours.After cooling, 300 mL of water was added to the obtained reactionsolution, and a product was repeatedly extracted with 100 mL ofchloroform three times. The chloroform layer was washed with 100 mL of 2mol/L of a dilute hydrochloric acid, dried with anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and chloroform was removed to obtain white powder. The powderwas recrystallized from benzene-methanol to obtain 10.1 g of whitepowdery crystals (Comparative Compound 1/Compound B).

The TIC chart of the obtained oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide isindicated in FIG. 6.

Comparative Example 2

As a comparative compound 2, a compound disclosed in JP-A 2003-295522(Compound E, see the following figure) was synthesized. The synthesiswas conducted in accordance with the method described in JP-A2003-295522. Namely, 20 g of the compound disclosed in JP-A 2003-295522Compound A), 1 L of acetone, 24 g of K₂CO₃ and 260 mL of bromoaceticacid ethyl were poured respectively in a 2 L four-neck flask with amixer, a cooling tube and a thermometer, and heated to reflux for 6hours under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling, K₂CO₃ was filtered,acetone was removed and bromoacetic acid ethyl was removed by beingdried under reduced pressure. Thus obtained reaction mixture waspurified with a column chromatography (carrier: silica gel; hexane/ethylacetate) and recrystallized (ethanol) to obtain 15 g of white powderycrystals (Comparative Compound 2/Compound E).

Each of the TIC chart and the MS chart of the obtained cyclic phenolsulfide is indicated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, respectively.

Example 2

10 g of the white powder obtained in Example 1 was redispersed in 50 mLof an aqueous solution of 5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid, filtered bypressurization with a filter press and washed with water. Then, thereactant was sufficiently washed with methanol and dried to obtain 9.5 gof the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide of the present invention. Asa result of the florescent X-ray analysis, the sodium content was 197ppm.

Example 3

94 parts by weight of a styrene-acrylate copolymer resin (CPR-100 byMitsui Chemicals, Inc.), 1 part by weight of the oxidized mixed cyclicphenol sulfide synthesized in Example 1, and 5 parts by weight of carbonblack (MA-100 by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) were mixed by meltingat 110° C. with a heat mixing machine. Then, the cooled down mixture wasroughly crushed with a hammer mill. Then, the mixture was finely crushedwith a jet mill and classified to obtain a black toner having theaverage particle diameter on the volumetric basis of 10±0.5 μm. 4 partsby weight of the toner and 100 parts by weight of a non-coat ferritecarrier (F-150 by Powdertech Co., Ltd.) were mixed and shaken to chargethe toner negatively. Then, each of time constant which shows chargingrisetime and a saturated charge amount was measured with a blow-offpowder charge amount measurement device at 25° C. and at 50% humidity.Further, the environmental stability was evaluated in hot and humidconditions (30° C., 85% RH).

Similarly, 4 parts by weight of the above black toner and 100 parts byweight of a silicon-coated ferrite carrier (F96-150 by Powdertech Co.Ltd.) were mixed and shaken to charge the toner negatively. Then, eachof time constant which shows charging risetime and a saturated chargeamount was measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated.

Environmental stability was evaluated on the following four rankingsbased on the decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount in hot andhumid conditions to that in normal temperature and humidity (25° C., 50%RH). The results are shown in Table 1.

⊚: stable, ◯: somewhat stable, Δ: somewhat unstable, x: unstable

(⊚< the decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 5%≦◯< thedecreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 10%≦Δ< the decreasingrate of the saturated charge amount: 15%≦15%<x)

Example 4

A yellow toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 3except that the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I.pigment yellow 180. Then, the time constant and the saturated chargeamount thereof were measured, and the environmental stability wasevaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 5

A magenta toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 3except that the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I.pigment red 57:1. Then, the time constant and the saturated chargeamount thereof were measured, and the environmental stability wasevaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 6

A cyan toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 3 exceptthat the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I. pigmentblue 15:3. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amountthereof were measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated.The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 7

94 parts by weight of a polyester copolymer resin (FC-316 by MitsubishiRayon Co., Ltd.), 1 part by weight of the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide synthesized in Example 1, and 5 parts by weight of carbon black(MA-100 by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) were mixed by melting at110° C. with a heat mixing machine. Then, the cooled down mixture wasroughly crushed with a hammer mill. Then, the mixture was finely crushedwith a jet mill and classified to obtain a black toner having theaverage particle diameter on the volumetric basis of 10±0.5 μm. 4 partsby weight of the toner and 100 parts by weight of a non-coat ferritecarrier (F-150 by Powdertech Co., Ltd.) were mixed and shaken to chargethe toner negatively. Then, each of time constant which shows chargingrisetime and a saturated charge amount was measured with a blow-offpowder charge amount measurement device at 25° C. and at 50% humidity.Further, the environmental stability was evaluated in hot and humidconditions (30° C., 85% RH).

Similarly, 4 parts by weight of the above black toner and 100 parts byweight of a silicon-coated ferrite carrier (F96-150 by Powdertech Co.,Ltd.) were mixed and shaken to charge the toner negatively. Then, eachof time constant which shows charging risetime and a saturated chargeamount was measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated.

Environmental stability was evaluated on the following four rankings onthe decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount in hot and humidconditions to that in normal temperature and humidity (25° C., 50% RH).The results are shown in Table 1.

⊚: stable, ◯: somewhat stable, Δ: somewhat unstable, x: unstable

(⊚< the decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 5%≦◯< thedecreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 10%≦Δ< the decreasingrate of the saturated charge amount: 15%≦15%<x)

Example 8

A yellow toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 7except that the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I.pigment yellow 180. Then, the time constant and the saturated chargeamount thereof were measured, and the environmental stability wasevaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 9

A magenta toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 7except that the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I.pigment red 57:1. Then, the time constant and the saturated chargeamount thereof were measured, and the environmental stability wasevaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 10

A cyan toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 7 exceptthat the coloring agent is changed from carbon black to C.I. pigmentblue 15:3. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amountthereof were measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated.The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 3

For comparison, a toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 3 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by the comparative compound 1(Compound B) synthesized in Comparative Example 1. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 4

For comparison, a toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 3 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by the comparative compound 2(Compound E) synthesized in Comparative Example 2. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 5

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 3 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted zinc salicylate complex. Then, the time constantand the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 6

For comparison, a yellow toner was prepared by the same method as thatof Example 4 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted zinc salicylate complex. Then, the time constantand the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 7

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 7 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted zinc salicylate complex. Then, the time constantand the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 8

For comparison, a magenta toner was prepared by the same method as thatof Example 9 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted zinc salicylate complex. Then, the time constantand the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 9

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 3 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted aluminum salicylate complex. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 10

For comparison, a magenta toner was prepared by the same method as thatof Example 5 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted aluminum salicylate complex. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 11

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 7 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted aluminum salicylate complex. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 12

For comparison, a cyan toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 10 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a substituted aluminum salicylate complex. Then, the timeconstant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured, and theenvironmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 13

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 3 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a calixarene compound. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 14

For comparison, a cyan toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 6 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a calixarene compound. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 15

For comparison, a black toner was prepared by the same method as that ofExample 7 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a calixarene compound. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 16

For comparison, a yellow toner was prepared by the same method as thatof Example 8 except that the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidesynthesized in Example 1 is replaced by a charge control agent whichcomprises a calixarene compound. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 11 Synthesis of Cyclic Octamer

120.2 g of 4-tert-butylphenol, 51.3 g of sulfur and 16.0 g of sodiumhydroxide were poured in a 1 L four-neck flask with a mixer, a coolingtube, a thermometer and a gas-introducing tube. 360.5 g of diphenylether was added thereto and reacted for 1 hour at 130° C., for further 1hour at 170° C. and then for 18 hours at 230° C., with stirring themixture in the current of nitrogen gas and with removing water andhydrogen sulfide each of which was generated in the reaction. Thereaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, and 80 mL of anaqueous solution of 3 mol/L of a sulfuric acid was added thereto andhydrolyzed. Then, 200 mL of a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol/water(88/12, v/v) was added thereto, and crystals precipitated. The crystalswere taken out by filtration and washed twice with 200 mL of a mixedsolvent of isopropyl alcohol/water (88/12, v/v) and 240 mL of water, andfurther with 200 mL of a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol/water(88/12, v/v). The crystals were dried overnight under reduced pressureat 120° C. to obtain 113.2 g of crude crystals. The purity of theobtained crude crystals, relative proportions thereof and the like wereanalyzed in accordance with the following high performance liquidchromatography (hereinafter referred to as HPLC) measurement condition:device: LC-6A by Shimadzu Corporation; column: Develosil ODS-HG-5(inside diameter 4.6, column length 250 mm) by Nomura Chemical Co.,Ltd.; column temperature: 40° C.; mobile phase:THF/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid=450/400/150/2 (v/v/v/v);current speed: 1.0 mL/min.; filling amount: 1 μL; and concentration of asample: 1000 ppm. The results of the HPLC analysis clarified that thecrude crystals were a mixture which comprises a cyclic quatromerwherein, in the formula (1), R is tert-butyl, n=4, and n=0 indicates thepeak area ratio of 96.1%; and a cyclic octamer wherein, in the formula(1), R is tert-butyl, m=8, and n=0 indicates the peak area ratio of3.6%.

100 g of said crude crystals were dispersed in 200 mL of THF and stirredovernight at room temperature. The precipitated crystals were taken outby filtration and washed with 90 mL of THF. The filtrate upon filteringthe crystals and the wash solution were mixed, concentrated underreduced pressure with an evaporator, and then dried to obtain 14.8 g ofbrown crude crystals. 14 g of the brown crude crystals were dispersed in212 mL of toluene and stirred overnight at room temperature. Theprecipitated crystals were taken out by filtration and washed with 20 mLof THF to obtain 5.2 g of pale yellow crystals. 3.54 g of the paleyellow crystals were dissolved by heating in 18.6 mL of THF, and then,74 mL of chloroform was added thereto and stirred overnight withcooling. The precipitated crystals were taken out by filtration andwashed with 8 mL of chloroform. The obtained crystals were driedovernight under reduced pressure at 120° C. to obtain 2.4 g of whitecrystals. When the obtained crystals were analyzed based on the aboveHPLC measurement condition, a cyclic octamer wherein, in the formula(1), R is tert-butyl, m=8, and n=0 indicated the peak area ratio of97.9%.

After repeating the above operations three times, 6.41 g of the abovewhite crystals, 283.6 mg (0.2-fold mol) of sodium tungstate dihydrate,292.6 mg (0.5-fold mol) of sodium acetate trihydrate, and 51 g of anacetic acid (8-fold wt) were added to a 100 mL four-neck flask andheated up to 60° C. with stirring. 15.6 g (64-fold mol) of 60% hydrogenperoxide water was added dropwise thereto for 1 hour with stirring.After the completion of addition dropwise, the mixture was heated up to70° C., and the reaction was further conducted for 4 hours withstirring. 13 mL of an aqueous solution of 3 mol/L, of a sulfuric acidwas added thereto and further stirred for 1 hour at 70° C. After coolingit down to room temperature, crude crystals were taken out by filtrationand washed four times with 20 mL of water. Then, the mixture was driedunder reduced pressure for 3 days at 80° C. to obtain 7.30 g of paleyellow crystals. The obtained crystals were analyzed by HPLC. Themeasurement condition of HPLC is as follows: device: LC-10A by ShimadzuCorporation; column: Develosil ODS-HG-5 (inside diameter 4.6, columnlength 250 mm) by Nomura Chemical Co., Ltd.; column temperature: 40° C.;mobile phase: THF/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid=350/350/300/2(v/v/v/v); current speed: 1.0 mL/min.; filling amount: 1 μL; andconcentration of a sample: 1000 ppm. The result of the analysisclarified that a cyclic octamer wherein, in the formula (1), R istert-butyl, m=8, and n=2 indicates the peak area ratio of 94.2%.

Example 12

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 3 except thatthe oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide synthesized in Example 1 isreplaced by the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide synthesized inExample 11 (which is a cyclic octamer wherein m is 8 and n is 2). Then,the time constant and the saturated charge amount thereof were measured,and the environmental stability was evaluated. The results are shown inTable 1.

TABLE 1 F-150 F96-150 saturated environ- saturated environ- CHG mentalCHG mental charge control agent coloring agent resin (−μC/g) TCstability (−μC/g) TC stability Example 3 Exam. 1 compound MA-100 CPR-10040.4 196 ◯ 21.7 89 ⊚ Example 4 Exam. 1 compound C.I Pigment Yellow 180CPR-100 38.0 195 ◯ 21.0 150 ⊚ Example 5 Exam. 1 compound C.I. PigmentRed 57:1 CPR-100 33.0 178 ⊚ 20.0 149 ◯ Example 6 Exam. 1 compound C.I.Pigment Blue 15:3 CPR-100 41.0 214 Δ 23.0 161 ◯ Example 7 Exam. 1compound MA-100 FC-316 37.9 208 ◯ 21.6 85 ⊚ Example 8 Exam. 1 compoundC.I Pigment Yellow 180 FC-316 35.0 182 ⊚ 22.0 105 ◯ Example 9 Exam. 1compound C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 FC-316 34.0 193 ⊚ 23.0 117 ⊚ Example 10Exam. 1 compound C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 FC-316 38.0 201 Δ 20.0 99 ◯Comp. Exam. 3 Comp. Exam. 1 MA-100 CPR-100 26.4 323 X 13.3 185 Xcompound Comp. Exam. 4 Comp. Exam. 2 MA-100 CPR-100 5.1 not X 0.1 not Xcompound measur- measur- able able Comp. Exam. 5 Zn salicylate complexMA-100 CPR-100 23.1 169 X 15.1 112 Δ Comp. Exam. 6 Zn salicylate complexC.I Pigment Yellow 180 CPR-100 22.9 177 X 15.5 121 Δ Comp. Exam. 7 Znsalicylate complex MA-100 FC-316 22.2 176 Δ 16.2 143 X Comp. Exam. 8 Znsalicylate complex C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 FC-316 20.8 158 Δ 14.1 134 ΔComp. Exam. 9 Al salicylate complex MA-100 CPR-100 12.7 99 Δ 9.0 90 ΔComp. Exam. 10 Al salicylate complex C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 CPR-100 13.1111 Δ 11.0 119 Δ Comp. Exam. 11 Al salicylate complex MA-100 FC-316 11.6128 Δ 8.3 106 Δ Comp. Exam. 12 Al salicylate complex C.I. Pigment Blue15:3 FC-316 12.2 133 Δ 8.1 110 Δ Comp. Exam. 13 calixarene compoundMA-100 CPR-100 29.3 227 Δ 6.3 182 Δ Comp. Exam. 14 calixarene compoundC.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 CPR-100 31.0 251 Δ 7.0 175 ◯ Comp. Exam. 15calixarene compound MA-100 FC-316 25.8 235 ◯ 5.0 211 ◯ Comp. Exam. 16calixarene compound C.I Pigment Yellow 180 FC-316 26.2 242 Δ 8.0 234 ΔExample 12 Exam. 11 compound MA-100 CPR-100 42.2 189 ◯ 24.9 87 ⊚

Example 13

The same processes were taken as those of Example 2 until the process ofredispersing the powder in an aqueous solution of a hydrochloric acid.Then, the filtration after the redispersion was conducted by centrifugalfiltration to obtain 9.6 g of an oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfidewherein the sodium content is 512 ppm.

Example 14

The same processes were taken as those of Example 2 to 10 g of the whitepowder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of the chloroformlayer obtained by chloroform extraction except that the powder wasredispersed in 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 5% (v/v) hydrochloricacid and filtered under reduced pressure using Nutsche to obtain 9.6 gof an oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is834 ppm.

Example 15

The same processes were taken as those of Example 14 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 70 mL of an aqueous solution of 5% (v/v)hydrochloric acid to obtain 9.7 g of an oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide wherein the sodium content is 963 ppm.

Example 16

The same processes were taken as those of Example 14 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 50 mL of an aqueous solution of 5% (v/v)hydrochloric acid to obtain 9.6 g of an oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide wherein the sodium content is 990 ppm.

Example 17

The same processes were taken as those of Example 2 to 10 g of the whitepowder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of the chloroformlayer obtained by chloroform extraction except that the powder wasredispersed in 50 mL of water to obtain 9.7 g of an oxidized mixedcyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1320 ppm.

Example 18

The same processes were taken as those of Example 13 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 50 mL of water to obtain 9.9 g of an oxidizedmixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1490 ppm.

Example 19

The same processes were taken as those of Example 14 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 100 mL of water to obtain 9.8 g of an oxidizedmixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 3710 ppm.

Example 20

The same processes were taken as those of Example 15 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 70 mL of water to obtain 9.8 g of an oxidizedmixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 4380 ppm.

Example 21

The same processes were taken as those of Example 16 to 10 g of thewhite powder which was obtained by extracting chloroform of thechloroform layer obtained by chloroform extraction except that thepowder was redispersed in 50 mL of water to obtain 9.9 g of an oxidizedmixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 8200 ppm.

Example 22

94 parts by weight of a styrene-acrylate copolymer resin (CPR-100 byMitsui Chemicals, Inc.), 1 part by weight of the oxidized mixed cyclicphenol sulfide synthesized in Example 2 wherein the sodium content is197 ppm, and 5 parts by weight of carbon black (MA-100 by MitsubishiChemical Corporation) were mixed by melting at 110° C. with a heatmixing machine. Then, the cooled down mixture was roughly crushed with ahammer mill. Then, the mixture was finely crushed with a jet mill andclassified to obtain a black toner having the average particle diameteron the volumetric basis of 10±0.5 μm. 4 parts by weight of the toner and100 parts by weight of a non-coat ferrite carrier (F-150 by PowdertechCo., Ltd.) were mixed and shaken to charge the toner negatively. Then,each of time constant which shows charging risetime and a saturatedcharge amount was measured with a blow-off powder charge amountmeasurement device at 25° C. and at 50% humidity. Further, theenvironmental stability was evaluated in hot and humid conditions (30°C., 85% RH). Environmental stability was evaluated on the following fourrankings based on the decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount inhot and humid conditions to that in 25° C., 50% RH. The results areshown in Table 2.

⊚: stable, ◯: somewhat stable, Δ: somewhat unstable, x: unstable

(⊚< the decreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 5%≦◯< thedecreasing rate of the saturated charge amount: 10%≦Δ< the decreasingrate of the saturated charge amount: 15%≦x)

Example 23

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 512ppm which was produced in Example 13 as the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amount thereofwere measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated. Theresults are shown in Table 2.

Example 24

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 834ppm which was produced in Example 14 as the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amount thereofwere measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated. Theresults are shown in Table 2.

Example 25

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 963ppm which was produced in Example 15 as the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amount thereofwere measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated. Theresults are shown in Table 2.

Example 26

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 990ppm which was produced in Example 16 as the oxidized mixed cyclic phenolsulfide. Then, the time constant and the saturated charge amount thereofwere measured, and the environmental stability was evaluated. Theresults are shown in Table 2.

Example 27

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1320ppm which was produced in Example 17. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

Example 28

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1490ppm which was produced in Example 18. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

Example 29

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 3710ppm which was produced in Example 19. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

Example 30

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 8200ppm which was produced in Example 20. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

Example 31

A toner was prepared by the same method as that of Example 22, using theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 8200ppm which was produced in Example 21. Then, the time constant and thesaturated charge amount thereof were measured, and the environmentalstability was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Na Saturated content CHG environmental Exam. (ppm) (−μC/g) TCstability 22 197 39.28 217 ◯ 23 512 37.36 208 ⊚ 24 834 45.79 227 ◯ 25963 41.97 204 ⊚ 26 990 41.31 196 ⊚ 27 1320 29.37 281 Δ 28 1490 32.77 208Δ 29 3710 28.77 189 X 30 4380 30.52 294 X 31 8200 29.71 256 X

As clarified from the results in Table 2, the toner comprising theoxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is 1000ppm or less showed excellent charging performance and environmentalstability as compared with the toner comprising the oxidized mixedcyclic phenol sulfide wherein the sodium content is beyond 1000 ppm.

Namely, the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfides of the presentinvention can give high charging performance and stable environment to atoner comprising said compound as a charge control agent, by adjustingthe sodium content thereof to 1000 ppm or less.

The oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfides of the present invention haveexcellent charging performance, and charge control agents containingsaid mixed compound clearly have higher charging performance andexcellent environmental stability than conventional charge controlagents. Further, since they are completely colorless, they are mostsuitable for color toners. Besides, they do not comprise heavy metalssuch as chromium compounds, which are concern for the environmentalproblem, and thus, it is possible to provide extremely useful toners.

1. A toner which comprises an oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide which is represented by the following formula (1):

wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; m is 8; and n is 2, a coloring agent and a binder resin.
 2. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the sodium content in the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide is 1000 ppm or less.
 3. A toner which comprises an oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide which is a mixture of oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 and oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is an integer other than 8, the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide being represented by the following formula (1):

wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; m is an integer from 4 to 9; and n is 1 or 2, a coloring agent and a binder resin.
 4. The toner according to claim 3 wherein the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide comprises the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide of the formula (1) wherein m is 4; said oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 6; and said oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is
 8. 5. The toner according to claim 3, wherein, in the mixture, the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 is 1 mol % or more.
 6. The toner according to claim 3, wherein, in the mixture, the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 8 is 1.5 mol % to 35 mol %; and the content of the oxidized cyclic phenol sulfide wherein m is 4 is 65 mol % to 98.5 mol %.
 7. The toner according to claim 3, wherein, in the formula (1), n of each molecule may be the same or different from each other; and each molecule satisfies 1.5 m≦N≦2 m when defining a total of n as N.
 8. The toner according to claim 3, wherein the sodium content in the oxidized mixed cyclic phenol sulfide is 1000 ppm or less. 